Herbal medicines with beauty tips

The plants which are normally used in daily Indian food partly act as medicines also. These herbs were found out by ancestors and used in food on regular basis. One such item is curry leaf. The botanical name of this plant is Murraya Koenig Spreng. In indain houses especially in south Indian houses the foods prepared during lunch an item called samba/rasam will be added with Rice. This item is garnished by curryleaf.Eventhough this curry leaf is added only to increase the flavour of the item it has got lot of medical characters which heals lot of diseases.

            It is a good medicine to stop anaemia. By making the curry leaves witnah some other ingredients will stop anaemia due to its large anti oxidant properties. Curry leaves are rich in iron, calcium, potassium and vitamin curry leaves can be added with dried grapes ( around 15 Numbers) and make it as a fine paste. This paste is added with cool water and heat up to the boiling temperature. Take out the solution and filter it through a strainer. This water can be added with palm sugar. This tea must be taken for continuous 21 days during morning and evening will increase the haemoglobin and reduce anaemia. It further helps  to reduce stomach pain and stomach related diseases.

            One another best medical effect of curry leaves is to increases the hair growth by stopping growth of dandruff.  Tak e two handful of curry leaves. Add it two handful of Shoe flower leaves (  Hibiscus rosa-sinensis ). Make it as a fine paste. Apply this paste on hair. Allow the hair to dry with the paste applied. After half an hour wash the hair with warm water. Dry the hair possibly with natural way. In due course of time it will stop hair falling and increase the hair growth rapidly

            Curry leaves got another excellent medical character. It helps in improving the digestion  and reduces the stomach problems like Irritating Bowl Syndrome(IBP).A small recipe made out of curry leaves will cure the disese slowly. The main ingredients required for preparation of this recipe is curry leaves, Black pepper ,Garlic,  Red chilly and black lentil. Initially dry roast the black lentil. Dry roast curry leaves. Garlic ,black pepper ,red chilly is also dry roasted separately. Add little amount of asefoedeta.  Add all the dry roasted ingredients and make it as a fine Powder. Keep it in a Air tight container. While taking lunch this powder can be added with rice  along with gingilly oil. Add little bit of sugar to taste. Taking food with this powder will reduce stomach problems ,  

cooling t-Thermal power plantsower

In thermal power projects the circulating water system is most important. The more efficient the system works will keep the power output of the plant in tact. The purpose of providing Circulating water system is for supplying water to the condenser for condensing the LP turbine exhaust steam and also for secondary cooling of boiler and turbine auxiliaries. The circulating water system is normally of two different types. One of them may be once through type in which the system operates without cooling tower and the other type may be closed cycle recirculation type which uses  cooling tower. when cooling water is available in large quantity such as sea water source of water for cooling systems like circulating water systems in  coastal power stations the once through condenser cooling system is used for direct cooling  When plant water is drawn from fresh water sources such as river, canal, lake, and reservoir Closed cycle condenser cooling system using cooling towers is implemented by  the power plants based on fresh water sources to meet their water.. Sea water based cooling towers are also adopted at coastal sites depending upon techno-economic considerations.  Two types of cooling towers are normally used in the power plant. One is mechanical induced draft type cooling tower and the other one is  natural draft type cooling tower. The selection of the cooling tower depends on capital cost and operating expenses and consideration of site specific issues. In general, mechanical induced draft tower are preferred for power plants .The operating expenses of mechanical induced type cooling towers can be optimised when it is constructed very close to pit heads. Natural draft tower are preferred when the power plants are located at load centres (far off from pit head) as these do not involve any rotating equipment, thus saving on costly power. Air flow rate through Natural draft cooling tower depends on the density difference between ambient air and relatively hot & humid light air inside the tower. For sites with

Considerable duration of high summer ambient temperatures coupled with low

Relative humidity values adequate density difference would not be available for

Proper design and operational performance of Natural draft cooling tower . For such sites, mechanical induced draft type cooling towers should be preferred . In case of once through system, desisting arrangement and travelling water screens of appropriate mesh size are provided at the intake section to prevent debris and biological species in source water from entering to cooling water and plant water systems. In case of sea water based cooling water system, debris filters of appropriate mesh size shall be provided at upstream section of condenser for further removing debris from the cooling water and thus reducing fouling of condenser tubes. In the mechanical induced draft type cooling tower is of single or double inlet,cross flow or counter flow type with the fans located on top of the tower. The

natural draft type cooling tower is of counter flow or cross flow type with draft

for air flow through the packing provided by buoyancy effect of hot and humid

air inside the tower shell as compared to outside ambient air. Splash type or film type. However, due to ambient air having high levels of dust, splash type film is preferred for both types of towers Because of high salt concentration; cooling tower drift and salt contamination in the environment are considerations for cooling towers with sea-water makeup. The drift will contain very high (up to 55,000 ppm) concentration of total dissolved solids, hence a sea water cooling tower should not be located close to sensitive equipment to minimize corrosion effect. To avoid long distance drift of high concentration salt water, it is recommended that the distribution system be designed for low-pressure spray nozzles, which will reduce the quantity of water droplets impinging on the drift eliminators. Drift rate is limited to 0.02 to 0.05 percent of the circulation water flow rate.A typical sea-water cooling tower operates at cycle of concentration ranging from 1.3 to 1.5 and size of cooling tower is 5 to 10 percent larger than a similar capacity fresh-water system. This is because sea water, having high salt concentration, lowers the water’s vapour pressure and reduces the evaporative cooling rate by 5 to 8 percent (depending on salt concentration). Approach temperatures used for design of towers must consider the effect salt water has on tower performance. Distribution piping of PVC performs well in salt water service. The fan blades may be of glass reinforced polyester or epoxy coated aluminum.Gear reducers, bearing housings and fan hubs may be made of cast iron provided they are protected with a heavy coating of epoxy enamel. Mechanical equipment supports and welded steel fan hubs should also be protected with a heavy coating of epoxy enamel. Since stainless steel resists salt water very well in areas which are highly aerated, drive shafts and fasteners in the mechanical equipment should be made with type 316 stainless steel.

Power purchase Agreement

Definition of A power purchase agreement (PPA), or electricity power a agreement, is a contract between two parties, one which generates electricity (the seller) and one which is looking to purchase electricity (the buyer). In the agreement all the terms and conditions regarding commercial matters such as  when the project will begin commercial operation, schedule for delivery of electricity, penalties for under delivery, payment terms, and termination are agreed in detail. The Power Purchase agreement is a key item in setting up a power project .The project finance largely depends on this power purchase agreement which explains the revenue and credit quality of the power generating project. Since the requirement of power will be on continuous basis the buyer and seller enter into the agreement for minimum 5 to 20 years .During this contract period the buyer purchase energy and other auxiliary services also. According to power purchase agreement the responsibility of the selling company of Power is to own the power project by himself and form a special purpose entity to facilitate the non-recourse project finance. The responsibility of the buyer of the power purchase agreement is to purchase the electricity to meet its customers needs.le. Electricity traders may also enter into PPA with the Seller. one of the key benefits of the Power purchase agreement is that by clearly defining the output of the generating assets (such as a solar electric system) and the credit of its associated revenue streams, a Power purchase agreement can be used by the PPA provider to raise non-recourse financing from as per the agreement must be supplied to the buyer. Before the seller can sell electricity to a bank or other financing counterparty. The time is the essence of the power purchase agreement. The date of signing the contract between the two parties is called as effective date of the contract. The generation of power should start as per the completion date mentioned in the contract agreement. Again it is very clear that the entire power produced by the power producing company the buyer, the project must be fully tested and commissioned to ensure reliability and comply with established commercial practices. The commercial operation date is defined as the date after which all testing and commissioning has been completed and is the initiation date to which the seller can start producing electricity for sale (i.e. when the project has been substantially completed). The commercial operation date also specifies the period of operation, including an end date that is contractually agreed

 

Project consultants way of estimating the cost

The project consultants/ detailed engineering contractors are selected by the owners setting up the plant based on the detailed engineering companies experience in their previous projects, the resources that company have to execute the project and their collaborators who can extend their support during execution of the project including the technical knowhow the project consultant they have of their own or with tie up with their collaborators. Even though the detailed Engineering consultant posses major above said qualities the cost element plays a vital role while selecting the project consultant by the owner. Hence it becomes very much necessary for the project consultant also to optimise their cost to secure the contract with the owner. In normal circumstances all the companies wants to save the cost of the project from day one which will help in completion of the project within the budgeted cost. .The owner starts control process  with floating of tenders to various project/detailed engineering consultants . The project consultants/ detailed engineering contractors starts working in their estimate  with basic inputs provided by the owner and develop the mass flow/ heat flow diagrams. The basic main important equipment details  are provided by owner or by the process licenciator. On development of the said drawings the detailed engineering contractors calculate the number of drawings which may be required to be designed and detailed by them during the execution of the project. The number of P&I diagrams required, the number of isometrics to be designed etc are calculated by the companies. If the owner further wants the contractor to carry out other services like monitoring of supply of equipments, supervision of civil, mechanical, electrical & instrumentation works .The consulting companies start calculating the man-hours required to be spend by the company for developing whole project drawings and number of man hours going to be spent on other activities. Based on market rates of Engineers/technicians and other category personals required  for that project the total cost of the consultants are calculated. In case of any tie up required from partners of other nations  the cost of that is also included. Finally considering the overheads and profit margin that particular company maintains are included to arrive at the final quotation cost by the project consultants

Model calculation 3 : Direct Manpower calculation Installation of Heavy Tall towers: I explained in my previous posts the details of direct manpower calculation for vessels of lighter weight. The direct manpower calculation and the effort required for erection of heavy tall towers are not simple like normal heat exchanger or small towers. Either bigger capacity cranes of suitable capacity or availability is normally used in such cases. On occasions considering the weight, non availability of higher capacity cranes, economy an alternate arrangement in place of cranes are used for the erection work is used. . This derrick arrangement is called as Gin Pole arrangement. A gin pole (derived from gin, a three-legged lifting device) is a supported pole which uses a pulley or block and tackle on its upper end to lift loads. The lower end is braced or set in a shallow hole and positioned so the upper end lies above the object to be lifted. The pole (also known as a "mast", "boom", and "spar") is secured with three or more guys. These are manipulated to move the load laterally, with up and down controlled by the pulley or block.

The gin pole is considered a form of derrick, called standing derrick or pole derrick, distinguished from sheers (or "shear legs") by having a single boom rather than a two-legged one.Gin poles are also used to raise loads above structures too tall to reach with a crane, as placing an antenna atop a steeple, and to lift segments of a tower atop one-another during erection. When used to create a segmented tower, the gin pole can be detached, raised, and re-attached to the just completed segment in order to lift the next. The process of "jumping" is repeated until the topmost portion of the tower is completed. .In this model calculation my experience in calculating the direct man power was on the basis of using Gin pole or derrick and direct manpower handling the equipment.. This manpower calculation does not include any manpower for operation and supporting activities of the crane movement

The man-hour calculation of the estimator should include the time to be spent by various technicians/Labourers to complete the activity starting from receiving the materials from stores of the owner, loading, transportation of materials from owners stores to contractors storage yard , unloading and storing at contractors storage at site yard, retransportaion to the point of installation if required , surface preparation of foundations along with time required for fabrication/machining of steel shims to be placed below the equipment installation, man-hours required for installation work for accessories or platforms, man-hours required for testing and commissioning, , Also major important factor which involves lot of man-hours is the scaffolding activity. If the equipment to be installed is at lower level or on ground the Man-hours required for scaffolding will be nil. In case if the installation is at an elevation the man hours required for preparation and installation of the scaffoldings are to be considered The normal activities involved in the installation of the Tall towers after receipt of materials at erection sites are preparation of the foundation and bring down the level of the foundation to receive the equipment on top of it with the space available for placing the equipment on top of the foundation. Normally only maximum of 50mm pacer plates are allowed to be placed between the equipment and foundation so that grouting can be taken can effectively. On preparation of foundation check for the condition of the equipment placed on ground on wooden packers.. Tower Installation Hence details provided by me are bare minimum and guide lines for the estimators in indie. The details provided are based on the productivity of the technicians worked then with me and minor fine tuning as per site data’s of the company .and in consultation with the companies site personals more accurate data’s can be decided by estimators Towers ( considering the erection procedure with Gin Pole Derrick arrangement) Slno Detail Weight of equipment up to 100MT Weight of equipment up to 101-200MT Weight of equipment up to 201-300MT Weight of equipment up to 301-400MT 1 Foundation 80hours 80hours 120hours 120hours 2 Installation 2640hours 2960hours 3360hours 3680hours 3 Total 2720hours 3040hours 3480hours 3800hours The above mentioned man-hours calculation does not include the manpower required for receiving the materials from stores up to erection site, activities related to cleaning of equipments, accessory works related with equipment erection work like platform and ladders erection works for the equipment any major scaffolding works,time required for preparation of testing,commissioning,performance guarantee works . The manpower calculation is on the assumption that the equipment will be installed only on the ground.. Based on the above chart let me calculate the man hours required for a Tall Tower weighing 400 MT and installed at ground floor. As per the chart the time consumed for installation of this equipment is only 3800 Man-hours and time required for other activities can be calculated under respective heads and to be added with the basic man-hours. What should be the cost of this 3800 man-hours. It cannot be purely one category like skilled/highly skilled or semiskilled. It is the combination of the technician group engaged in the installation work. Based on the nature of work the category of people are to be divided. in terms of percentages. In this case the highly skilled labourers may not be required much and unskilled workers also will not be required much. So technicians who have capacity to lift and shift the materials may be required more. If we consider total 100% man-hours equals to 128 Man-hours. Out of which Riggers can be considered as 70%( semi skilled) requirement,15% requirement of skilled and remaining 15% manpower will be unskilled to reach total the 100% Skilled Labours -15%.........!5/100*3800 = 570 Man-hours Semi skilled --70%.......70/100*3800 = 2660 Man-hours Unskilled ...........15%........15/100*3800 = 570 Man-hours Cost of installation of the Tower on basic conditions based on the Man hour rates (Minimum wages) of notification by Delhi state Skilled Labours .........(570/8)* 455 = 32,418.75 Semi skilled --- -(2660/8)*414 = 1,37,655 Unskilled Labours..... .(570/8)*374 = 26647.5 Total cost of Man-hours for Erection of 400 MT Tower on Ground using Gin pole arrangement is Indian rupees at the location near Delhi and at this point of time Hence Rate per MT in that location is Indian Rupees 394.21

Model-02 : Calculation of ditect Man-Hour

This page is in continuation to my earlier post Model-01 : Calculation of ditect Man-Hour  .  The direct manpower calculation and the effort required for erection of different types of vessels varies based on their location of installation, type of handling equipment required for the installation of the equipment. Certain equipments can be erected by manual labour by shifting and placing it on top of the foundation. ( In India manpower availability is plenty and cheap and in most of the construction sites direct labourers are more used along with less amount of lifting equipments like cranes).In this model calculation my experience in calculating the direct man power was on the basis of using a truck crane  and direct manpower handling the equipment. I have not elaborated here the type and capacity of the crane to be used for tower erection. Since selection of a particular type of crane itself is a vast subject and will be dealt in my other posts.  For installation of any vessel apart selection of a suitable crane  for installation of the equipment, based on the weight and other parameters, an additional crane from trailing end  of the equipment use to support the equipment to make it vertical.. This manpower calculation does not include any manpower for operation and supporting activities of the crane movement

The man-hour calculation of the estimator should include the time to be spent by various technicians/Laborers  to complete the activity starting from receiving the materials from stores of the owner, loading,  transportation of materials from owners stores to contractors storage yard , unloading and storing at contractors  storage at site yard, retransmission to the point of installation if required ,  surface preparation of foundations along with time required for fabrication/machining of steel shims to be placed below the equipment installation, man-hours required  for installation work for accessories or platforms, man-hours required for testing and commissioning,

,                                          Also major important factor which involves lot of man-hours is the scaffolding activity. If the equipment to be installed is at lower level or on ground the Man-hours required for scaffolding will be nil. In case if the installation is at an elevation the man hours required for preparation and installation of the scaffoldings are to be considered

                                           The normal activities involved in the installation of the Tall towers after receipt of materials at erection sites are preparation of the foundation and bring down the level of the foundation to receive the equipment on top of it with the space available for placing the equipment on top of the foundation. Normally only maximum of 50mm pacer plates are allowed to be placed between the equipment and foundation so that grouting can be taken can effectively. On preparation of foundation check for the condition of the equipment placed on ground on wooden packers. Using the marking on the tower for slings position the crane as close as possible to lift the equipment.  

Tower  Installation

The below mentioned details were calculated in one of chemical plant i worked. Hence details provided by me are bare minimum and guide lines for the estimators in indie. The details provided are based on the productivity of the technicians worked then with me and minor fine tuning as per site data’s of the company .and in consultation with the companies site personals more accurate data’s can be decided by estimators

Towers ( considering the erection procedure with truck crane)           

Slno	Detail	Weight of equipment up to 10MT	Weight of equipment up to 11-20MT	Weight of equipment up to 21-30MT	Weight of equipment up to 31-40MT	Weight of equipment above 41MT-100MT
1	Foundation	16hours	24hours	24hours	32hours	48Hours
2	Installation	16hours	24hours	32hours	40hours	80Hours
3	Total	32hours	48hours	56hours	72hours	128Hours

The above mentioned man-hours calculation does not include the manpower required for receiving the materials from stores up to erection site, activities related to cleaning of equipments, accessory works related with equipment erection work like platform and ladders erection works for the equipment any major scaffolding works,time required for preparation of testing,commissioning,performance guarantee works . The manpower calculation is on the assumption that the equipment will be installed only on the ground..

                                           Based on the above chart let me calculate the man hours required for a Tower weighing 80MT and installed at ground floor. As per the chart the time consumed for installation of this equipment is only 128Man-hours and time required for other activities can be calculated under respective heads and to be added with the basic man-hours.

                                           What should be the cost of this 128 man-hours. It cannot be purely one category like skilled/highly skilled or semiskilled. It is the combination of the technician group engaged in the installation work. Based on the nature of work the category of people are to be divided. in terms of percentages. In this case the highly skilled labourers may not be required much and unskilled workers also will not be required much. So technicians who have capacity to lift and shift the materials may be required more. If we consider total 100% man-hours equals to 128 Man-hours. Out of which Riggers can be considered as 70%( semi skilled) requirement,15% requirement of skilled and remaining 15% manpower will be unskilled to reach total the 100%

          Skilled Labours -15%.........!5/100*128  = 19.2 Man-hours

          Semi skilled      --70%.......70/100*128  = 89.6 Man-hours

          Unskilled   ...........15%........15/100*128 = 19.2 Man-hours

Cost of installation of the Tower on basic conditions based on the Man hour rates (Minimum wages) of notification by Delhi state

          Skilled Labours .........(!9.2/8)* 455   = 1092

          Semi skilled ---           -(50.4/8)*414    = 4636.8

          Unskilled Labours..... .(10.8/8)*374   =  897.6

Total cost of Man-hours for Erection of Tower of 80MT on Ground is  Indian rupees 6626.4 at the location near delhi.

Hence Rate per MT in that location is Indian Rupees 82.83

You can find out that man power cost decreases with respect to weight of the tower but while we calculate the other cost involvement for installation of the tower like cost and crane hours and additional indirect man power cost we can arrive at the exact cost per MT of heavy equipments which falls under this catogory

Project Manger and his respomsibilities

The position of project manager  gives lot of pleasure when given the opportunity to handle the entire project as in charge. While start executing the project the problems face by project managers are huge in spite of huge freedom enjoyed by him. Who is a project  manager and what are all his responsibilities?, While doing the estimates for quoting certain works the team of business sales persons collect the input data’s from various departments involved in the project to access the amount of expenses the company may have to spend on account of various departments. Based on the inputs the project quote is prepared and with various discussions and clarifications the project is awarded to the winning bidder .Once the bid is awarded to the winning bidder the company is legally responsible with respect to the terms and conditions agreed by the company during discussions with the owner. The owner/clinet inform the winning bidder through a letter/ mail their willingness to accept the company to execute the work for them. This mail is called as letter of acceptance (LOA or LOI in some cases)  Based on the LOI the company starts their work. The first step the company does is to nominate a person who will take the responsibility of executing the total work as agreed by his company. This person is named as project manager of the project. Based on the priced quoted by the company the details are handed over to project manager for his review. The input details prepared by the sales department are called as estimates quoted which is already agreed and approved by all the responsible persons. Based on the estimates handed over by the sales the project manager starts his work. He is authorised to change any part of the estimate according to his convenience and flexibility keeping the bottom line of the company in tact. At the end of the day the project manager is totally responsible for the successful execution of the project satisfying the client and keeping the company’s profit in position. The budget prepared by the project manager is called as control budget in many companies. When the project starts the project manager conduct a meeting inviting all department in charges involved in the project along with the nominated sub ordinate by him to assist him in his daily activities while executing the project. His assistant is called as project engineer. He will be helping the project manager in getting the inputs from various departments, correspondence with clients . In normal cases the project engineer will be a junior level person who in turn will be groomed as a future project manger. The meeting conducted by the project manger is named as kick off meeting. Or it can be called as introductory meeting since the company management officially declare the nomination of the project manger to all the team members. Clock start rolling  for the project manger..The team members from various departments who will   be associated with this particular project and how much duration they will be available for the project. The number of persons anticipated for the project along with the duration is a prefixed data since the details are initially spelt out by them to the sales department while quoting for the project. In case if the project manger wants to have some change in man power he can do it and subsequently the additional cost implication must be offset by him in other. The second step in the execution of the project is introduction of the project manager to the owner/ client and makes them clear that the project manger will be responsible from the executing company’s side for the project. The owner will have a single point responsibility so that all the details/problems are discussed with him and solution for the problems if any are to be solved by him. On introduction of project manger to the owner through sales department of the company they detach from the link and the project manger connect the link. The project manger insists for the contract with the owner/client. The contract document prepared by the owner/ client is viewed and commented by the project manger and describencies if are brought to the knowledge of sales persons and along with the sales persons the matter is persuaded with client and incorporated  covering the interest of the company. From that time onwards the project manger co ordinates with different departments and periodical check up of control budget is conducted. If any differences are found conduct meeting with departments and get it corrected. Once the work pick up co ordination for the onsite work also the responsibility of the project manger. A man responsible to take care of the site activities is called as construction manger/ site incharge.The site in charge  will be totally stationed at site and will be executing site works and sent reports on daily basis to the project manager. The problems at site while executing the project is total responsibility of the construction manger. However resources to carry out the site work in.a successful way is to be organised by the project manger and it becomes his part of work..Even though site in charge works at site major decisions the owner/client approaches the project manger. With successful co ordination with every one when the project manger complete the project in schedule keeping in tact the profit of the company dealing and solving the issues of the project with clients satisfied opinion emerges out as a successful project manager 

Engineering, procurement and construction contract

 

Out of the different contracts the Engineering procurement and construction contract (EPC)follows the  most common project finance  path. In the EPC contract the contractor is entrusted with the  obligation  to build and deliver the project facilities on a turnkey basis. In these type of contract the contract is awarded to a well established and resourceful contractor who has thorough knowledge about the project on a lump sum fixed price . The price is based on acceptance of a certain specifications, and with certain performance warranties. In the EPC contract the completion date of the project and the effective date of the contract plays very vital role.Is quite complicated in terms of legal issue, therefore the project company and the EPC contractor need sufficient experience and knowledge of the nature of project to avoid their faults and minimize the risks during contract execution.

The terms EPC contract and turnkey contract are interchangeable. EPC stands for engineering (design), procurement and construction. In the Turnkey contract the owner of the project provides some basic agreed facilities and rest of the remaining works of the projects are to be carried out by the contractors and hand over the project to the owner in such a way that l it will need to be done by the owner  to do is turn the key and the facility will function as intended. Alternative forms of construction contract are a project management approach and alliance contracting. Basic contents of an EPC contract are:

·         Description of the project

·         Price

·         Payment

·         Completion date

·         Completion guarantee and Liquidated damages:

·         Performance guarantee and LDs

·         Cap under LDs

Decription of the project: Every project is described prior to fixing of the price of the project cost. In case of Thermal power plant the capacity of the plant to be produced in terms of MW and how many units, what are all the major systems to be provided in place . further project description narrates what is the specification for major equipments ,process guarantees, time of completion are specified

600 MW Thermal Power Plant

Price on EPC contracts are decided as single lump sum price for completion of the entire project.. Since EPC contracts are voluminous in nature with long duration from  date of beginning to date of commercial operation of the project the price is divided as design and engineering component price,cost for supply of the materials with specified terms and for civil and site services a separate price.. The price is always linked with certain important deliveries of equipments and in case of site services with completion dates of major mile stones.

Payment : Even though price is fixed separately for  design and engineering, supply of equipments ,civil and site services the contractor must be provided with free access to collect the money on completion of certain activities. In order to facilitate this the payment terms are framed in the contract when the payment must be made to the contractor and what percentage of money to be released. It is further discussed among the contractor and owner and billing break up is agreed. Based on which the contractor gets his money on completion of the obligations

Always the payment done by the owner to the contractor is safeguarded by an agreed project completion schedule with starting date or effective date of the contract and completion date of the contract. Theses two mile stones are most important and all the other intermittent activities can be adjusted to achieve the final date. The schedule thus prepared is called project schedule and being followed by every one of the project to achieve the final date of completion in a successful way.

In the contract agreed between the owner and the contractor it is very clearly mentioned the liquidated damages not in form of penalty to be paid by the contractor to the owner in case if the contract is not fulfilled as agreed. However the penalty is applicable only it is legally proved by the owner that the obligations mentioned in the contract are not properly carried out. Normally in power projects the liquidated damages are imposed for the performance of the equipments supplied by the contractor in terms of heat rate to be met by the contractor along with auxiliary power consumption. Another type of liquidated damage is for the delay in completion of the project due to the fault of the contractors .

There is always a cap agreed and mentioned  in the contract for the delay and performance in terms of money which is prefixed while siging the contract

Homage to honarable chief minister Late sri J.Jayalalitha

 This is not experienced by any of us While living, but one day or other Death reaches everyone by any means As if one is sleeping sound with no wakeup Birth is known to everyone as if it is of One who gets up after sleep resumed for? Death and birth both are inter related As they are of black and white Both are destined and destiny is very queer And unknown, how and why we live and die Where is the place to go and exist? Where from we come and how it is Believe death is sweeter as well as of birth On the earth, passion love anger bitterness Happiness cruel and what not all the sense Are compiled one Endless end is death, beginning of life is birth Both are not in our hands, light and sound, air Water and cosmic energy are aiding for both Death and Birth Who knows that this will end like this? He who has created will know How this is happened Why this is ended like this The end result may be positive To one hand The end may be a negative Result to another Both are different, but All are equal and the same To him, He who has created On the earth You and I may be unequal While sailing on boat, but The water level is equal Sailing is not unequal Ultimate result is always towards shore Whether it is of sea whether it is of river Whether it is of lake Wind blows round and round Of a branch of a tree Tree may oscillate at the sides But it will not move on earth When the roots are out of earth Tree lies flat on earth And may be perished into earth May become as a diamond One can dance and sing When he slides down the wind That stops his breath Inactive heart placed me flat Cannot get up and do any action When I stopped breathing I will be buried in to the earth Or flamed to fire, not to come back All are in the hands of almighty He who is creating and making Destructions as per his will And desire Oh god! She is jaya lalitha Has taken her way out Passed way towards high on your Device Give her back to the earth as she has Many to do for this world And we need her for goodness That are you want to fulfil We all waiting for Jay to come back And she will smile on u

Goods and Service Tax

What is GST in india. It is the short form of Goods and service Tax..To day Corporate and individuals pays taxes for the income they earn .They have to pay for income as income tax. It is a direct tax. Likewise in India there are many indirect taxes. Mainly it applies when we go for sale of materials, production of materials etc. There are taxes to be paid by us for various activities like when we purchase and salesmaterials.. We have to pay Value Added Tax (VAT) on purchasing goods & services. And there are Excise duties, Import Duties, Luxury Tax, Central Sales Tax, Service Tax etc. Service Tax is a form of indirect tax imposed only on services provided. From the point of view of an ordinary man who does not know anything about tax, providing services means assistance in any work, taking up of any work on behalf of others, any professional assignment or rendering intangible benefits to others is attracted by service tax.  Once the turnover of the assesses crosses a threshold limit of Rs 9 lacks, the service provider is required to get itself registered under the law, and compulsorily required to charge service tax on services provided once the turnover crosses Rs 10 lacks. In normal circumstances the Service Tax is charged at the time of rendering services. However, there may be a situation where service tax is charged before rendering services or after completion of service. The important thing to note here is the timing of chargeability and the rate of chargeability. Chargeability arises when services are rendered, while the rate is determined at the time of payment by service receiver. Suppose when services are rendered, the rate is 10.3% on such services. However, when the receiver makes payment, the rate is 12.36%. So, the applicable rate is 12.36.VAT (Value Added Tax is a form of indirect tax imposed only on goods sold within a particular state, which essentially means that the buyer and the seller needs to be in the same state. Only when tangible goods and products are sold, VAT can be imposed.CST (Central Sales Tax) ) is a form of indirect tax imposed only on goods sold from one state to another state, which particularly takes into account that the buyer and the seller needs to be in two different states. Registration is compulsory for dealers having turnover exceeding Rs 5 lacks .On registration, such dealer is allotted a unique 11 digit TIN CST (Central Sales Tax) registration is not dependent on amount of turnover:As of today some of these taxes are levied by the Central Government and some are by the State governments.To streamline all the different types of indirect taxes and implement a “single taxation” system GST ( GST is the abbreviated form of Goods & Services Tax)is now in place. The main expectation from this system is to abolish all indirect taxes and only GST would be levied. As the name suggests, the GST will be levied both on Goods and Services.GST is a consumption based tax/levy. It is based on the “Destination principle.” GST is applied on goods and services at the place where final/actual consumption happens. At present our government has almost finalised the GST. Now it is in the stages of implementation .Hence state governments and central Government are discussing about the same. As of now state governments has got the authority to impose by itself sales tax of states. Hence the sales tax of a particular same material differs from state to state. For example if one state impose 15% for refrigerator it varies in other states since both the states are independent and the sales taxes are their own descriation.What will be the drawback the states will face when GST is imposed. Except the sale price of petrol all other material tax amounts are decided by the central government. It is a setback for the state Governments. Hence discussions are continuing.Some states demand the assesses whose turnover is 1.5 and less must be under state Government and assesses turnover more than 1.5 crores must be under central government .This will enable the Sales tax department of the states will have sufficient work load.One more matter which is discussed between the state government and central government regarding GST is while deciding certain matters regarding GST all the states are given equal amount of voting rights. But some states opposes this and want a change in voting procedure that the percentages must be decided based on the area and population of the states.  Even though the discussions are on the final conclusion on the procedure of imposing GST tax has not yet been finalised. Still talks are on between state and central government. When both state and central government reaches conclusion no doubt GST will be great boon for Indians and sure int will improve the economical situation of India

Financial closure

The financial closure of the project is an arrangement to be done by the owner of the project before start of the project and to meet the financial requirements of the project from the beginning until commissioning and start of production of the project. Normally the project takes off its full momentum on completion of the financial closure since parties involved in executing the projects are secured of their money for the responsibility entrusted to them. .Project finance is the long-term of finance of infrastructure and industrial projects based upon the projected cash flows of the project rather than the balance sheets of its sponsors. Usually, a project financing structure involves a number equity investors and group of investing banks or other lending institutions that provide loans  to the operation of the project..Commonly while the bankers and lending institutions provides the loan the borrower cannot be heldresponsible for any amount in excess of the security for the loan, even if the value of such  security falls below the level it  had been anticipated for it at the time of the allotment of  loan , which are secured by the project assets and paid entirely from project cash flow, rather than from the general assets or credit worthiness of the project sponsors, a decision in part supported by financial modeling  The financing is typically secured by all of the project assets, including the revenue-producing contracts. Project lenders are given legal claim of theproperty to secure the payment of a debt or the satisfaction of an obligation   on all of these assets and are able to assume control of a project if the project company has difficulties complying with the loan terms.

Generally, a special purpose entity  is created for each project, thereby protecting other assets owned by a project owner from the damaging effects of a project failure. As a special purpose entity, the project company has no assets other than the project. In order to satisfy the lending companies or lending banks it becomes most important from the owner for their  Capital contribution to show that their company is financially sound and capable to take up the project. In general project financing has been most commonly used in the, transportation, telecommunications industries as well as sports

The  most important component of the project finance is to analyses the elements of  risk involved in the project. A project may be subject to a number of technical, environmental, economic and political risks. Particularly in developing countries and emerging markets the elements of risks are high "Several long-term contracts such as used to align incentives and deter opportunistic behaviour by any party involved in the project.  The patterns of implementation are sometimes referred to as "project delivery methods .Further the risks cannot be born only by owner can be distributed among number of parties involved in the project along with sharing the profit of the project with parties taking part in the project by sharing it with  construction, supply, off-take and concession agreements, along with a variety of joint-ownership structures. There are several parties in a project financing depending on the type and the scale of a project. The most usual parties to a project financing are;

1.   Sponsor (owner of the project)

2.   Lending institutions  and banks lending loans

3.   Financial Advisors

4.   Technical Advisors

5.   Legal Advisors

6.   Debt Financiers

7.   Equity Investors

8.   Regulatory Agencies

9.   Multilateral Agencies

The lending institutions and financing Banks do not hand over the entire finance of the project in a single stage. The finance required for the project is released on stages so that the project progresses in proper way and can be finished on schedule.

A riskier or more expensive project may require limited recourse financing secured by a surety from sponsors. Limited recourse lending was used to finance maritime voyages in ancient Greece and Rome. Its use in infrastructure projects dates to the development of the Panama Canal, and was widespread in the US oil and gas industry during the early 20th century. However, project finance for high-risk infrastructure schemes originated with the development of the North Sea oil fields in the 1970s and 1980s. Such projects were previously accomplished through utility or government bond issuances, or other traditional corporate finance structures.

The new project finance structures emerged primarily in response to the opportunity presented by long term power purchase contracts available from utilities and government entities. These long term revenue streams were required by rules implementing PURPA, the Policy resulted in further deregulation of electric generation and, significantly, international privatization following amendments to the Public Utilities Holding Company Act in 1994. The structure has evolved and forms the basis for energy and other projects throughout the world.