Showing posts with label khalasi. Show all posts
Showing posts with label khalasi. Show all posts

Saturday, 26 November 2016

Minimum wages

To calculate the labour cost in India two most important parameters are to be known to the estimator. What is the amount of wages we have to pay to workers? Whether the wages are same for all the labours or it differs. Second parameter is the man-hour to be spent for completion of a particular type of activity. How many persons of different category are to be deployed for that activity? Are there any common guide lines to calculate the parameters? Yes. Regarding the labours wages there is a common guide line in India.   Remuneration which the workers are entitled for the work performed by them can be find out by Minimum wages act in India..
          The Minimum Wages Act, 1948: It is landmark legislation in India for regulating of wages in the country. A basic rate of wages and a special allowance i.e. cost of living allowance; A basic rate of wages with or without cost of living allowance and case value of concessions for supplies of essential commodities; An all inclusive rate, i.e. basic rate, cost of living allowance and cash value concessions. The Government may fix the minimum rates of wages either by the hour, by the day, by the month or by such large wage-period as may be prescribed which may be revised at intervals and reviewed 

The Government may fix or revise minimum wages either by committee procedure of by notification procedure.. The rates recommended by the committee and accepted by Government or the rates determined by Government after consideration of all representatives should be published in the Official Gazette. Minimum Wages in India are revised during the month of April and October of every year. The living wage is an informal benchmark, not a legally enforceable minimum level of pay, like the national minimum wage. The Indian Constitution has defined a 'living wage' that is the level of income for a worker which will ensure a basic standard of living including good health, dignity, comfort, education and provide for any contingency. 

However, to keep in mind an industry's capacity to pay the constitution has defined a 'fair wage'.. Fair wage is that level of wage that not just maintains a level of employment, but seeks to increase it keeping in perspective the industry’s capacity to pay India introduced the Minimum Wages Act in 1948, giving both the Central government and State government jurisdiction in fixing wages. The act is legally non-binding, but statutory. Payment of wages below the minimum wage rate amounts to forced labour. 

Wage Boards are set up to review the industry’s capacity to pay and fix minimum wages such that they at least cover a family of four’s requirements of calories, shelter, clothing, education, medical assistance, and entertainment. Under the law, wage rates in scheduled employments differ across states, sectors, skills, regions and occupations owing to difference in costs of living, regional industries' capacity to pay, consumption patterns, etc. Hence, there is no single uniform minimum wage rate across the country and the structure has become overly complex. 

Since minimum wages are not standard and from one state to other state it varies because of living conditions and enforcement of minimum wages by both state and central governments it becomes utmost important for the estimator to understand which Minimum wages act ( whether state minimum wages act or central minimum wages act) is to be followed.There are standard guidelines and official notifications and amendments from time to time are to be collected and kept in position ready before starting the estimation which will sort out calculating the first parameter of the direct manpower calculations. The minimum wages rate for Indian workers are normally indicated not with their technical designation like welder, fitter, rigger, electricians, khalasi  and helpers. They are divided in to four different  disciplines classified.. Technicians with high degree of skills to perform the works are called highly skilled labours. Normally High pressure welders, electricians, fabricators, Foreman etc fall under this heading. Fitters , junior electricians, structural welders ,Riggers are categorised in skilled workers levels similarly khalasis are considered in semiskilled level and helpers are in unskilled level.
                      
The minimum rates at delhi as below:

The following rates of minimum wages shall be applicable in respect of unskilled, semiskilled and skilled categories in all schedules employments except employment in the establishments where the workers are given facilities of meals or lodging or both by the employer

Category
Rates as on 01.04.2016
(Rupees)
Dearness Allowances (pm) w.e.f 01.10.2016 (Rupees)
Rates from (Rupees) 01.10.2016
Per-Month
Per-Day
Un-skilled
9568.00
156.00
9724.00
374.00
Semi skilled
10582.00
182.00
10764.00
414.00
Skilled
11622.00
208.00
11830.00
455.00

The following rates of minimum wages shall be applicable in employment in establishments where the workers are given facilities of meals of lodging or both by by the employer
Category
Rates as on 01.04.2016
(Rupees) 
Dearness Allowances (pm) w.e.f
01.10.2016 (Rupees)
Rates from (Rupees) 01.10.2016
Per-Month
Per-Day
Un-skilled
(i)9412.00
156.00
(i)9568.00
(i)368.00

(ii)8710.00

(ii)8866.00
(ii)341.00

(iii)8606.00

(iii)8762.00
(iii)337.00





Semi skilled
(i)10426.00
182.00
(i)10608.00
(i)408.00

(ii)9620.00

(ii)9802.00
(ii)377.00

(iii)9516.00

(iii)9698.00
(iii)373.00





Skilled
(i)11440.00
208.00
(i)11648.00
(i)448.00

(ii)10582.00

(ii)10790.00
(ii)415.00

(iii)10452.00

(iii)10660.00
(iii)410.00





(i)Where only lodging is provided (ii) where only meals twice a day is provided 
(iii) Where both meals and lodging are provided.

 The following rates of minimum wages shall be applicable in respect of Clerical and     Supervisory Staffs in all Scheduled Employments


Category
Rates as on 01.04.2016
(Rupees) 
Dearness Allowances w.e.f .01.10.2016
(Rupees) 
  Rates from   (Rupees) 01.10.2016 Per Month
Non Matriculates
10582.00
182.00
     10764.00
 414.00
Matriculates but not graduates
11622.00
208.00
     11830.00
 455.00
Graduate and above
12662.00
208.00
     12870.00
495.00
*( All Rates are in rupees)

 The estimator to identify the state and place of work to be carried out and collect proper minimum wages document to fix the wages of different disciplined people.
          

Friday, 25 November 2016

Direct Mnpower cost Construction Estimates

The first step when an estimator start his costing of erection work is to find out how much direct manpower is to be employed from starting of the project work up to completion of the works as specified on the contract document. In general the detail description of the works to be completed is clearly mentioned in the request for quotation document(RFQ).Many a cases a detailed bill of quantities(BOQ) are also attached with the (RFQ).Based on the bill of quantity the direct manpower cost is calculated. Direct manpower means leaving the supervisory staff for that work the required number of labourers required in various categories. These people are. Mostly in the capacity of technicians like welders, Fitters, khalasis,Riggers and helpers in case of mechanical erection works. For civil works the calculation will be for masons for masonry work, carpenters, bar benders, and. helpers. Similarly the direct manpower for electrical and instrumentation works will be qualified electricians for HT and electricians who can handle LT works and along with tem the number of helpers required for assisting the technicians. Fitters are further categorised in India as fabricator and fitter.

 Fabricator is a technician who do the  mechanical works and knows the works of development and can fabricate materials from structural steel. The fabricators in Indian conditions are considered to be well trained fitter who himself can do the work and help two or three fitters in their works also. The quality of the fabricators is such that they are capable of reading site drawings and can work independently. Fitters either work with fabricators or they work under the guidance of supervisors. In India there are many ITI institutes to teach fitting process. There fitters are taught fitting works get trained and come out with qualified certificates and start work in construction sites. But most of the cases the fitters who work in Indian construction sites don’t depend upon the certificates and get their practical experience when they work with some fitting technicians and with reference and try they become fitters. Initially the juniors who work with fabricators help in assisting them in measurements etc and understand the process of fitting. They are not fully skilled but have semi skilled.



The welders are costlier and difficult to get commodities in construction sites since there presence will be required in every step when work progresses. In welders too there are welders qualified for working in steel ,pipeline works. .Welders working in pipe line construction works have lot of further sub categories .The welders qualified for different position welding in pipe works and they get paid according to their capability. The materials of construction in pipe works are many. Carbon steel pipe line works, alloy steel pipe line works, stainless steel pipeline works etc.All the welders cannot work in all kinds of materials. They need to be qualified for different positions and for different materials. The welders .who can only work in structural steel works are called as structural steel welders. The helpers of the welders get their training under the supervision of the elder while on work and become a structural welder and further get him qualified in other fields.


Project construction is a voluminous field which involves shifting and lifting of materials. The lifting and shifting of the materials can either be done my machinery or by manpower. Even though mostly machineries are used for shifting and lifting the presence of manpower becomes inevitable in certain cases where in congested areas machineries cannot be operated. The persons helping in such activities are called as Riggers and experienced riggers are termed as sarongs. The juniors who work with the help of sarongs are called as khalasis

..In electrical works electricians are the persons who can check up wiring in panels. Technicians who works in electrical works are used for termination of wires, give connection to rotary equipments. In electrical works riggers are mainly used for the laying of cables underground and on trays, erection of electrical panels etc.The electrical works also the involvement of welders, fitters are there. Fitter works on installation of cable trays and cable tray supports. Welder helps them in fixing the cable trays where ever required. The panel supports are mostly site made and fabricated at site.



Instrumentation works also have similar sequence of operations like cable tray fixing, laying of cables, installation of junction boxes, cable termination where again the described technicians comes into picture. So it becomes necessary for the estimator to understand the work involvement and actual requirement of people of different disciplines. Without understanding and not knowing the quantum of work involvement the estimation will not be accurate. Based on the bill of quantity and with the experience of the estimator the total requirement of direct manpower is calculated. The basis of calculation of direct manpower is productivity.
                                  For productivity please see my next post